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1 The Physiology of 3D Perception1

1.1 Binocular Viewing or Human Stereopsis1

1.2 The Mismatch of Accommodation and Disparity and the Depths of Focus and of Field3

1.3 Distance Scaling of Disparity6

1.4 Interocular Crosstalk7

1.5 Psychological Effects for Depth Perception10

1.6 High-Level Cognitive Factor10

Acknowledgments11

References11

2 Stereoscopic Displays13

2.1 Stereoscopic Displays with Area Multiplexing13

2.1.1 Retarders for the generation of polarizations13

2.1.2 Wire grid polarizers for processing of the second view20

2.1.3 Stereoscopic display with two LCDs22

2.2 Combined Area and Time Division Multiplex for 3D Displays26

2.3 Stereoscopic Time Sequential Displays31

2.3.1 Time sequential viewing with an active retarder31

2.3.2 Fast time sequential 3D displays by the use of OCB LCDs33

2.3.3 Time sequential 3D displays with black insertions33

2.4 Special Solutions for Stereoscopic Displays41

2.5 Stereoscopic Projectors48

2.6 Interleaved，Simultaneous，and Progressive Addressing of AMOLEDs and AMLCDs60

2.7 Photo-Induced Alignment for Retarders and Beam Splitters68

Acknowledgments68

References69

3 Autostereoscopic Displays73

3.1 Spatially Multiplexed Multiview Autostereoscopic Displays with Lenticular Lenses73

3.2 Spatially Multiplexed Multiview Autostereoscopic Displays with Switchable Lenticular Lenses85

3.3 Autostereoscopic Displays with Fixed and Switchable Parallax Barriers95

3.4 Time Sequential Autostereoscopic Displays and Directional Backlights104

3.4.1 Time sequential displays with special mirrors or 3D films105

3.4.2 Time sequential displays with directionally switched backlights109

3.5 Depth-Fused 3D Displays115

3.6 Single and Multiview 3D Displays with a Light Guide125

3.7 Test of 3D Displays and Medical Applications129

Acknowledgments129

References130

4 Assessment of Quality of 3D Displays133

4.1 Introduction and Overview133

4.2 Retrieving Quality Data from Given Images135

4.3 Algorithms Based on Objective Measures Providing Disparity or Depth Maps136

4.3.1 The algorithm based on the sum of absolute differences136

4.3.2 Smoothness and edge detection in images140

4.4 An Algorithm Based on Subjective Measures146

4.5 The Kanade-Lucas-Toman （KLT） Feature Tracking Algorithm153

4.6 Special Approaches for 2D to 3D Conversion158

4.6.1 Conversion of 2D to 3D images based on motion parallax159

4.6.2 Conversion from 2D to 3D based on depth cues in still pictures161

4.6.3 Conversion from 2D to 3D based on gray shade and luminance setting162

4.7 Reconstruction of 3D Images from Disparity Maps Pertaining to Monoscopic 2D or 3D Originals165

4.7.1 Preprocessing of the depth map165

4.7.2 Warping of the image creating the left and the right eye views167

4.7.3 Disocclusions and hole-filling172

4.7.4 Special systems for depth image-based rendering （DIBR）176

Acknowledgments182

References183

5 Integral Imaging185

5.1 The Basis of Integral Imaging186

5.2 Enhancement of Depth，Viewing Angle，and Resolution of 3D Integral Images188

5.2.1 Enhancement of depth189

5.2.2 Enlargement of viewing angle193

5.2.3 Enhancing resolution195

5.3 Integral Videography196

5.4 Convertible 2D/3D Integral Imaging207

Acknowledgments214

References214

6 Holography for 3D Displays217

6.1 Introduction and Overview217

6.2 Recording a Hologram and Reconstruction of the Original 3D Image218

6.3 A Holographic Screen227

6.4 Digital Holography Based on the Fourier Transform229

6.5 A Holographic Laser Projector232

Acknowledgments235

References235

7 Volumetric 3D Displays237

7.1 The Nature of Volumetric Displays237

7.2 Accessing and Activating Voxels in Static Volumetric Displays238

7.3 Swept Volume or Mechanical 3D Displays245

Acknowledgments252

References252

8 A Shot at the Assessment of 3D Technologies253

Index257