NON-PERFORMANCE AND REMEDIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW PRINCIPLES AND INDIAN CONTRACT LAW【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Acknowledgements13

Introduction15

Ⅰ.Generally15

Ⅱ.Structure and methodology18

Chapter Ⅰ： Overview of the UNIDROIT and European Principles21

Ⅰ.Generally21

Ⅱ.History23

A.UNIDROIT Principles23

B.Principles of European Contract Law25

1. Harmonisation of contract laws in the European Union26

2. History of the European Principles28

Ⅲ.Methodology， authority， substance and applicability29

A.Methodology of the Working Groups30

B.Structure and language31

C.Legal character and authority32

D.Applicability and substantive scope33

1.Applicability of the Principles to international contracts34

a.Parties’ express choice of the Principles as lex contractus34

b.Applicability in absence of express choice by the parties35

c.Incorporation as contract terms and applicability under the lex contractus36

d.Applicability in arbitral proceedings37

2. Substantive scope37

3. Further scope of applicability38

E.Differences in substance39

F.Practical relevance41

Ⅳ.Alternatives worth coexisting， or competing variations of similar content？44

Chapter Ⅱ： Overview of Indian statutory contract law47

Ⅰ.Indian Contract Act， 187247

A.History47

B.Scope and structure49

Ⅱ.Specific Relief Act， 196351

Chapter Ⅲ： Non-performance in general53

Ⅰ.Generally53

A.Principles53

1. Unitary concept of non-performance53

2. What constitutes non-performance54

B.Indian statutory law56

C.Comparative analysis58

Ⅱ.Other party being responsible for the non-performance59

A.Principles59

1. Prevention of performance by the promisee59

2. Creditor’s failure to accept tender of performance60

3. Consequences61

a.Prevention of performance by promisee61

b.Promisee’s rejection of a tender62

B.Indian statutory law63

1. Prevention of performance by the creditor63

2. Promisee’s failure to provide necessary facilities for performance64

3. Promisee’s refusal to accept tender of performance64

C.Comparative analysis65

Ⅲ.Right to withhold performance67

A.Principles67

1. Requirements for withholding performance68

2. Consequences70

B.Indian statutory law71

1. Parties to perform simultaneously（Indian Contract Act Sec.51）72

2. One promise to be performed rst（Indian Contract Act Sec.54）72

3. Consequences73

C.Comparative analysis74

Ⅳ.Right to cure76

A.Principles76

B.Indian statutory law78

C.Comparative analysis78

Ⅴ.Additional period for performance79

A.Principles79

B.Indian statutory law82

C.Comparative analysis83

Ⅵ.Exemption clauses84

A.Principles84

1. Clauses covered85

2. Clauses which may not be invoked86

3. Consequences87

B.Indian statutory law87

C.Comparative analysis88

Ⅶ.Force majeure89

A.Principles89

1. Generally89

2. Requisites offorce majeure90

3. Consequences of force majeure92

a.Specific performance and damages92

b.Termination of the contract93

B.Indian statutory law94

1. Subsequent impossibility and frustration94

2. Consequences96

C.Comparative analysis97

Chapter Ⅳ： Overview of the systems of remedies101

Ⅰ.Principles101

Ⅱ.Indian statutory law103

Chapter Ⅴ： Specific performance107

Ⅰ.Specific performance of monetary and non-monetary obligations107

A.Principles107

1. Generally107

2. Right to performance of monetary obligations109

a.Requisites of specific performance109

b.Exceptions109

c.Consequences110

3. Right to performance of non-monetary obligations111

a.Performance impossible or unlawful111

b.Performance unreasonably burdensome or expensive112

c.Cover transaction114

d.Performance being of exclusively personal character114

e.Performance not being requested within reasonable time115

f.Consequences116

4. Judicial penalty116

B.Indian statutory law117

1. Generally117

2. When specific relief may be awarded118

a.Specifically enforceable contracts118

b.Contracts which cannot be specifically enforced120

c.Judicial discretion122

d.General requirements of and defences against claim of specific performance123

3. Consequences of a suit for specific relief125

4. Claim for agreed sum of money126

C.Comparative analysis126

1. Monetary obligations126

2. Non-monetary obligations127

a.Performance impossible or unlawful128

b.Performance unreasonably burdensome or expensive128

c.Performance readily available on the market or from an alternative source129

d.Performance being of exclusively personal character129

e.Performance to be requested within reasonable time130

f.Personal bars to specific relief130

g.Implications of a claim of or suit for specific performance131

3. Evaluation131

Ⅱ.Change of remedy133

A.Principles133

B.Indian statutory law134

C.Comparative analysis136

Chapter Ⅵ： Termination of contracts139

Ⅰ.Grounds and means of termination139

A.Principles139

1. Generally140

2. Requisites of the right to terminate the contract140

a.Fundamental non-performance140

b.Termination after expiration of additional period for performance147

c.Anticipatory non-performance149

d.Failure to provide assurance of due performance within reasonable time150

e.Contracts to be performed in parts151

f.Termination notice152

3. Contract terminated automatically154

4. Judicial or arbitral termination155

B.Indian statutory law155

1. Generally155

2. Contract automatically void due to impossibility，unlawfulness， or frustration156

a.Grounds of automatic termination156

b.Consequences158

3. Termination of voidable contract159

a.Repudiation and anticipatory breach159

b.Termination in response to being prevented from performing161

c.Failure to perform at or within fixed time162

d.Means of effecting termination163

C.Comparative analysis164

1. Fundamental non-performance v.impossibility，frustration and repudiation164

a.Severity of the non-performance165

b.Strict compliance with the contract166

c.Conduct of the non-performing party166

d.Failure to perform within additional period for performance167

e.Anticipatory non-performance167

f.The concepts of fundamental non-performance and termination at the option of the aggrieved party as means of “improving” the doctrine of frustration？168

4. Failure to provide adequate assurance of performance170

5. Termination in response to being prevented from performing171

6. Termination notice172

Ⅱ.Consequences of termination172

A.Principles172

1. General effects of termination172

2. Restitution173

a.Generally173

b.Restitution in kind175

c.Allowance in money instead of restitution in kind177

d.Restitution only for the time after termination179

B.Indian statutory law180

1. General effects of termination180

2. Restitution181

a.Restitution of benefits received under a terminated contract by force of law181

b.Restitution of benefits received under a contract terminated at the aggrieved party’s option183

c.Quantum meruit184

C.Comparative Analysis185

1.General effects of termination185

2.Restitution186

a.UNIDROIT Principles and Indian statutory contract law187

b.Principles of European Contract Law188

c.Evaluation189

Chapter Ⅶ： Damages193

Ⅰ.Right to Damages193

A.Principles193

1.Generally193

2.Non-performance of a contractual obligation194

3.Harm sustained by the aggrieved party196

4.Causal link between non-performance and loss196

5.Non-performance not excused197

6.General measure of damages197

B.Indian statutory law199

1.Generally199

2.Breach of a valid contract203

3.Loss or damage sustained by the aggrieved party204

4.Causal link between breach of contract and loss205

5.Specific requirements205

6.General measure of damages206

C.Comparative analysis208

1.Generally208

2.Non-performance/breach of contract209

3.Harm caused by non-performance210

4.Non-performance not excused210

5.General measure of damages212

Ⅱ.Certainty of harm213

A.Principles213

B.Indian statutory law214

C.Comparative analysis215

Ⅲ.Foreseeability of harm216

A.Principles216

B.Indian statutory law217

C.Comparative analysis219

Ⅳ.Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction and by current price221

A.Principles221

1. Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction221

2. Proof of harm by current price223

B.Indian statutory law223

C.Comparative analysis225

Ⅴ.Harm due in part to aggrieved party226

A.Principles226

B.Indian statutory law227

C.Comparative analysis227

Ⅵ.Mitigation of harm228

A.Principles228

B.Indian statutory law229

C.Comparative analysis231

Ⅶ.Interest232

A.Principles232

1. Interest for failure to pay money232

2. Interest on damages234

B.Indian statutory law235

1. Interest for non-payment of money235

a.Interest Act， 1978236

b.Recoverability of interest by virtue of damages？238

2. Interest on damages238

C.Comparative analysis239

1. Interest for failure to pay money239

2. Interest on damages241

3. Evaluation241

Ⅷ.Manner of monetary redress242

Ⅸ.Currency in which to assess damages243

A.Principles243

B.Indian statutory law244

Ⅹ.Agreed payment for non-performance244

A.Principles244

B.Indian statutory law246

C.Comparative analysis249

Chapter Ⅷ： Reduction of price253

Ⅰ.Principles253

Ⅱ.Indian statutory law254

Ⅲ.Comparative analysis255

Conclusions257

Ⅰ.Generally257

Ⅱ.Non-performance in general257

Ⅲ.Specific performance261

Ⅳ.Termination of contracts262

Ⅴ.Damages265

Ⅵ.Reduction of price269

Bibliography271