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Acknowledgements1

Chapter 1　Introduction1

1.1　The Definition of Abstract Entity Anaphora2

1.2　Differences between Abstract Entity Anaphora and Other Kinds of Anaphora6

1.2.1 Abstract Entity Anaphora and Concrete Individual Anaphora6

1.2.2 Abstract Entity Anaphora,Extended Reference and Text Reference8

1.2.3 Abstract Entity Anaphora and Deep Anaphora9

1.2.4 Abstract Entity Anaphora and Associative Anaphora10

1.3　The Necessity of the Study of Abstract Entity Anaphora in Argumentative Texts12

1.3.1　The Limitations of the Previous Study of Abstract Entity Anaphora12

1.3.2 Characteristics of Argumentative Text14

1.3.3　Argumentative Text and Abstract Entity Anaphora15

1.4　Research Purpose and Significance17

1.5　Organization of the Study18

Chapter 2　Pragmatic Features of Abstract Entity Anaphora21

2.1 Introduction21

2.2　The Written Argumentative Data22

2.2.1 The Sources of the Argumentative Texts22

2.2.2　The Criteria of Data Collection and the Content of Data Analyses23

2.2.2.1　The Criteria of the Data Collection23

2.2.2.1.1 Anaphors23

2.2.2.1.2　Antecedents25

2.2.2.2 The Content of Data Analyses26

2.3　Pragmatic Functions of Abstract Entity Anaphors27

2.3.1 Recapitulation27

2.3.2　Obscuration34

2.3.3　Demarcation36

2.4　Text Environment of Abstract Entity Anaphora38

2.4.1　Background38

2.4.2　Text Environment of English Abstract Entity Anaphora41

2.4.2.1 Ariel's Work on English Concrete Individual Anaphora41

2.4.2.2　The Present Study of English Abstract Entity Anaphora43

2.4.3　Text Environment of Chinese Abstract Entity Anaphora49

2.4.3.1　The Study of Chinese Concrete Individual Anaphora by许余龙49

2.4.3.2　The Present Study of Chinese Abstract Entity Anaphora50

2.4.4　Comparisons between English and Chinese Abstract Entity Anaphora52

2.5　Pragmatic Tendency of Abstract Entity Anaphora53

2.6　Backwards Anaphora58

2.7　Summary62

Chapter 3　Discourse Structure and Discourse Anaphora64

3.1 Introduction64

3.2　Rhetorical Structure Theory(RST)by Mann and Thompson65

3.2.1 Main Idea65

3.2.2　Comment69

3.3　Rhetorical Structure by Fox70

3.3.1 Main Idea70

3.3.1.1　Basic Units70

3.3.1.2　Rhetorical Relations71

3.3.1.3　Anaphora72

3.3.2　Comment75

3.4　Linguistic Discourse Model(LDM)by Polanyi76

3.4.1 Main Idea76

3.4.2　Comment80

3.5 Other Related Studies83

3.6　Discourse Representation Theory86

3.6.1 Main Idea86

3.6.1.1 DRS Construction86

3.6.1.2　DRT and Anaphora Resolution89

3.6.2　Comment91

3.7　Taking Stock93

Chapter 4　SDRT and Abstract Entity Anaphora95

4.1 Introduction95

4.2　Discourse Relations and Topic96

4.2.1　Discourse Relations96

4.2.2　Topic98

4.3 SDRS Construction100

4.3.1　Determining the Basic Constituents100

4.3.2 Constraints on Possible Sites for Constituent Attachment101

4.3.3 SDRS Updating103

4.3.4　Constituent Revision107

4.4 SDRT and Abstract Entity Anaphora110

4.4.1 Constraints on Abstract Entity Anaphora110

4.4.2 AVAILABILITY and Constituent Revision114

4.4.2.1 AVAILABILITY and Topic Revision114

4.4.2.2 AVAILABILITY and Discourse Relation-based Revision116

4.4.3　More Application to Abstract Entity Anaphora118

4.4.3.1 Event and Propositional Anaphora118

4.4.3.2　Concept Anaphora121

4.4.3.3　Discourse Subordination124

4.5 Application of SDRT to Chinese Abstract Entity Anaphora128

4.6 SDRT and Backwards Anaphora134

4.7　Support from Cognitive Psychology138

4.7.1　Situation Model139

4.7.2　Resonance Model141

4.8　Summary143

Chapter 5　Inadequacies of SDRT and Suggested Solutions146

5.1　Introduction146

5.2 Inadequacies147

5.2.1　Discourse Relations147

5.2.2　Topic Construction148

5.2.3　The Role of the Topic150

5.2.4　Explicit Referent Identification151

5.2.5　Implicit Referent Identification152

5.2.6　Reference Ambiguity Resulting from Double Attachment Sites153

5.2.7　Long-distance Anaphora154

5.3　Suggested Solutions156

5.3.1　Simplification of the Discourse Relations in SDRT156

5.3.1.1　Background156

5.3.1.2　Proposed Categorization160

5.3.1.3　Effect of the Simplification164

5.3.2　Topic Construction of Binary Structures166

5.3.3　Topic Dominating Role172

5.3.4　Explicit Referent Interpretation174

5.3.4.1 Semantic Information in Anaphoric Sentence175

5.3.4.2 Semantic Information in the Sentences before the Anaphoric Sentence180

5.3.4.3 Semantic Information in the Anaphor181

5.3.5　Proposition Abstraction for Implicit Referent183

5.3.5.1 Indirectness,Inference and Proposition Abstraction184

5.3.5.2 Antecedent Types for Proposition Abstraction186

5.3.5.3　Triggers for Proposition Abstraction189

5.4　Summary190

Chapter 6　Processing of Reference Ambiguity and Long-distance Anaphora192

6.1 Introduction192

6.2　Solutions to Reference Ambiguity193

6.2.1 Context and Intension193

6.2.2　Tendency Investigation194

6.2.2.1 Background195

6.2.2.2　Processing Strategies in Three Types of Discourse197

6.2.2.3　Questionnaire and Procedure199

6.2.2.4　Results203

6.2.2.5　Discussion208

6.2.2.6 Conclusion211

6.3　Long-distance Anaphora211

6.3.1　Background211

6.3.2　Theoretical Bases213

6.3.2.1 Van Dijk's Superstructure213

6.3.2.2 Van Eemeren et al.'s Argumentation Structures and Reconstruction215

6.3.3　Hypothesis Formulation218

6.3.3.1　Proposed Superstructure of Argumentative Texts218

6.3.3.2　Hypothesis about the Resolution of Long-distance Anaphora220

6.3.4　Instances of Application224

6.3.4.1 Standpoint as the Antecedent224

6.3.4.2　Question or Background as the Antecedent227

6.3.4.3　Arguments as the Antecedents233

6.3.5　The Role of Semantic Chains in Referent Interpretation239

6.3.5.1　The Role of Semantic Chains239

6.3.5.2　Psychological Warrant240

6.4　Summary242

Chapter 7　Conclusion245

7.1　Achievements of This Study245

7.2　Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research250

Appendix252

Bibliography257